The war between England and Spain - which went back to 1585 - had been ended in 1604, a year after the end of the Nine Years War in Ireland (1594–1603), which had been closely connected with the Anglo-Spanish contest. The Spanish attempt to intervene in France during the French Wars of Religion had been abandoned in 1598 with the Peace of Vervins. Nor had the years before 1618 been particularly peaceful, although the first decade of the seventeenth century saw a number of prolonged armed conflicts come to an end. After 1618 central Europe was engulfed by the Thirty Years War, which involved not only the Emperor and the principalities of the Holy Roman Empire, but also the Netherlands, Spain, and at later stages of the conflict Denmark, England, Sweden and France. The years 1598–1648 were for many parts of Europe a period of almost permanent warfare.
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